What’s the Difference Between UVA and UVB Rays?

by | May 31, 2024 | Acne | 0 comments

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Put Simply, UVA Rays Tan the Skin While UVB Rays Burn the Skin. Both Types of Rays Damage the Skin and Contribute to Skin Cancer, Which Is Why It’s Important to Protect the Skin Using a “Broad-Spectrum” Sunscreen.

The Essential Info

The sun emits both UVA and UVB rays, both of which are invisible to the naked eye, and which affect the skin differently.

  • UVA
    – Less powerful
    – Penetrates farther into the skin
    – Primarily responsible for skin tanning
     
  • UVB
    – More powerful
    – Affects the top layers of the skin
    – Primarily responsible for skin burning

Unprotected exposure to the sun is the main way that our bodies make vitamin D, a vital nutrient that might help reduce acne, so the sun’s rays serve a necessary purpose. However, overexposure can be harmful. Both UVA and UVB rays can cause skin damage and skin cancer, so it is important to limit exposure through a combination of hats and clothing, as well as using a broad-spectrum sunscreen.

How Much Sun Is Enough: For people with the lightest skin, getting about 20 minutes of unprotected sun each day should plenty to give you the vitamin D you need and still be safe for acne. For people with the darkest skin, 2 hours is a good rule of thumb. Stay aware of how much exposure you get, and most importantly, be sure to not get burnt. A sunburn often bites back with acne as the skin heals in the weeks following the burn.

Sunscreen: Since both UVA and UVB rays are harmful, be sure to apply sunscreen, particularly on sunny days and during the summer months. When selecting a sunscreen, choose an SPF of at least 15, but since this number refers only to UVB rays, in order to ensure you are also protected from UVA rays, choose a product that specifically says “broad-spectrum” or “UVA/UVB protection” on the label.

The Science

What Are UVA and UVB Rays?

Non-invisible Light vs. Visible Light

Some of the sun’s rays can be seen and some cannot be seen. When it comes to skin health and acne, it is the unseen, ultraviolet (UV) rays that are of concern.

Ultraviolet rays are further broken down into:

  • UVA
  • UVB
  • UVC (do not reach the earth’s surface)1-4

Differences Between UVA and UVB Rays

Wavelength

The sun’s rays come to us in the form of waves. You can think of these waves in the same way as ocean waves, except that these are energy waves. Waves have crests (high points) and troughs (low points). The distance between crests is called the wavelength. Wavelength is what gives each type of ray its unique characteristics. For example, human eyes can see wavelengths only of visible light.

The main difference between UVA and UVB rays is that they consist of different wavelengths:

  • UVA rays have a longer wavelength than UVB rays, and therefore carry less energy, but can penetrate farther into the skin.
  • UVB rays have a shorter wavelength than UVA rays, and therefore carry more energy, but penetrate less deeply into the skin.4,5

Amount of radiation that reaches the earth

Before reaching the earth’s surface, the sun’s UV rays have to pass through the ozone layer, which is a natural layer of ozone gas that is part of the earth’s atmosphere. The ozone layer absorbs some of the energy from these rays and protects the earth from the full force of the sun’s radiation. The ozone layer absorbs most of UVB, while almost all of UVA reaches the earth’s surface.4

Generally speaking, UV exposure is greatest when the sun is highest in the sky. Therefore, it is strongest during the summer months between 10:00am and 2:00pm.

Exposure is also greater at higher altitudes, so, for instance, it is stronger in Denver (the “mile high city”) than it is in Philadelphia, which is at sea level.

UV exposure is strongest on sunny days, but UV rays can pass through light cloud cover.4

How Do UVA and UVB Rays Affect the Skin?

UV Skin Damage

UVA Rays

  • Less powerful
  • Penetrate the skin more deeply
  • Primarily responsible for skin tanning

According to the dermatology department on the University of California’s website: “UVA radiation…is less powerful than UVB, but it penetrates deeper into the skin. Small daily doses of UVA cause long-term skin injury, even without signs of sunburn. UVA light is used in tanning booths. Tanning booths not only cause the same type of skin and eye damage as natural sunlight, [but] may also be as much as 20 times stronger.”6

UVB Rays

  • More powerful
  • Penetrate the skin less deeply
  • Primarily responsible for sunburn

According to the dermatology department on the University of California’s website: “UVB radiation…has the most energy and causes the most damage. UVB can do more damage more quickly than UVA rays. Because of its damaging [e]ffect to the DNA of skin cells, UVB radiation is the main cause of sunburn and skin cancer.”6

Historically, scientists considered UVB to be the primary culprit in causing skin cancer, and they didn’t think that UVA was harmful. However, more recent research indicates that both kinds of UV rays cause skin damage and skin cancer.2,6

UVA and UVB Rays and Sunscreen: Why It’s Important to Use Broad-spectrum Protection

Unprotected Skin vs. Sunscreen-protected Skin

Since both UVA and UVB rays damage the skin and can cause cancer, and since each type of ray causes a different kind of damage, we need protection against both types of rays.7

Applying sunscreen is one of the most effective approaches to protecting against UV radiation. It is important to select a sunscreen that protects against both UVA and UVB. Because scientists have only recently understood that UVA rays are a concern, sunscreens traditionally contained ingredients that only protected against UVB radiation, but this is no longer the case.

Scientists measure protection against UVB rays using the SPF (Sun Protection Factor) rating that you see on sunscreen containers. SPF is a numerical rating system that indicates how much longer skin protected by sunscreen takes to burn than unprotected skin. In other words, if your skin would normally burn in 30 minutes, an SPF of 4 means it would take 2 hours for your skin to burn. An SPF of 8 means it would take 4 hours, and so forth.

While there is no similar standardized measure for UVA protection, many modern sunscreens contain ingredients that protect against UVA radiation as well. These sunscreens are usually labeled as “broad-spectrum” or “UVA/UVB protection,” meaning that they protect against both UVA and UVB.4 However, because there is no consensus on how much protection these terms indicate, such phrases may not be entirely meaningful.7

Effectiveness of Sunscreen Ingredients

UVA and UVB Rays and Acne

Many acne patients report that moderate exposure to sunlight appears to improve their symptoms, at least in the short term. In light of this, scientists published an article in 2004 reviewing several different studies that looked at whether UV rays could improve acne. The researchers concluded that UV rays, particularly a combination of UVA and UVB rays, might cause a slight improvement in acne, but this small benefit is insignificant when weighed against the risks of excessive UV exposure.8

Expand to read details of research
Indian Journal of Dermatology

A 2004 article in the American Journal of Clinical Dermatology reviewed the results of several different studies that investigated whether UV radiation could improve acne. Here is what they found:

  • Some studies performed in the lab indicate that UVB rays can kill C. acnes, a strain of bacteria associated with acne. However, these results do not hold up in living people. The authors of this article stated, “Although UVB has the potential to kill C. acnes [in the lab], this seems clinically insignificant since its capacity to penetrate the skin is low and only high doses resulting in sunburn have been shown to induce improvement in acne.”8 What this article does not research is how this kind of overexposure may bite back with a flare of acne in the weeks following a burn as the skin attempts to repair the damage.
  • An investigation into whether UVA and UVB radiation could improve acne found little improvement with UV radiation. The authors stated, “In no instance was the number of comedones [clogged pores] appreciably reduced, and only modest improvement in inflammatory acne was observed with UVB and slightly more with the combination of UVA and UVB; UVA alone was the least beneficial. Further studies reached the same conclusion that UVA and UVB treatment has a slight beneficial effect in acne but is not sufficient for therapeutic use considering the potential for [causing cancer] and the inconvenience to patients of repeated visits.”8

More recently, some researchers have speculated that UV rays might actually worsen acne by stimulating the skin to produce more skin oil and by triggering inflammation. However, these ideas are based on experiments performed on skin samples in the lab, so it is difficult to say how this would translate to real living people.9,10

What is clear from the research so far is that even if small amounts of UV exposure do not make acne worse, they probably do not improve it either to a significant degree.

Taken together, the research indicates that UV exposure is not an effective treatment for acne. While getting some sun which does not cause a sunburn may be fine for acne-prone individuals, sun-burning the skin to attempt to heal acne is not wise.

Some acne medications can make the skin more sensitive to UV rays: Additionally, some acne medications, such as oral antibiotics or isotretinoin, can make your skin more sensitive to UVA and UVB rays. Therefore, if you are on an acne treatment, ask your doctor if you need to take additional precautions when going out in the sun.11 Your doctor may recommend using a sunscreen-containing moisturizer whenever you’re going to be spending any time outside.

References
  1. Light and the electromagnetic spectrum (University of Illinois). http://butane.chem.uiuc.edu/pshapley/GenChem2/A3/3.html
  2. Epstein, L. H. & Wang, S. Q. Understanding UVA and UVB (Issaquah School District 411, Issaquah, Washington).
  3. Latha, M. S. et al. Sunscreening agent. A review. J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol. 6, 16 – 26 (2013). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23320122
  4. Belkin, M. et al. Protection against exposure to ultraviolet radiation. (Report from the World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, Government of Japan and United States Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, 1994). https://www.who.int/uv/publications/proUVrad.pdf
  5. Rough science 2 carriacou: Challenge: Make a sunblock (The Open University). https://www.open.edu/openlearn/nature-environment/natural-history/rough-science-carriacou-make-sunblock-challenge
  6. UV radiation (University of California School of Medicine, San Francisco, 2007). http://www.dermatology.medschool.ucsf.edu/skincancer/General/prevention/UV_Radiation.aspx
  7. Rai, R. & Srinivas, C. R. Photoprotection. Indian. J. Dermatol. Venereol. Leprol 73, 73 – 79 (2007). http://www.ijdvl.com/article.asp?issn=0378-6323;year=2007;volume=73;issue=2;spage=73;epage=79;aulast=Rai
  8. Charakida, A. et al. Phototherapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris. What is its role? Am. J. Clin. Dermatol. 5, 211 – 216 (2004). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15301568
  9. Lee, W. J., Chae, S. Y., Ryu, H. S., Jang, Y. H., Lee, S. J. & Kim, D. W. Inflammatory cytokine expression and sebum production after exposure of cultured human sebocytes to ultraviolet A radiation and light at wavelengths of 650 nm and 830 nm. Ann. Dermatol. 27, 163‐170 (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25834355/
  10. Lee, W. J., Park, K. H., Sohn, M. Y., Lee, W. C., Lee, S. J. & Kim, D. W. Ultraviolet B irradiation increases the expression of inflammatory cytokines in cultured sebocytes. J Dermatol. 40, 993‐997 (2013). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24304049/
  11. Del Rosso, J. Q., Gold, M., Rueda, M. J., Brandt, S. & Winkelman, W. J. Efficacy, safety, and subject satisfaction of a specified skin care regimen to cleanse, medicate, moisturize, and protect the skin of patients under treatment for acne vulgaris. J. Clin. Aesthet Dermatol. 8, 22-30 (2015). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25610521/

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